What is windows operating system and Types of Windows OS

What is windows operating system and Types of Windows OS

Windows is an operating system designed by Microsoft. The operating system is what permits you to use a computer. Windows comes preloaded on most new personal computers (PCs), which helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world. You can also install windows manually in your computer.

Windows makes it possible to complete all types of everyday tasks on your computer. For example, you can use Windows to browse the Internet, check your email, edit digital photos, listen to music, Create Project reports, play games, and do much more.

Windows is also used in many offices because it gives you access to productivity tools such as calendars, word processors, and spreadsheets.

Microsoft released the first version of Windows in the mid-1980s. There have been many versions of Windows since then, but the most recent ones include Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009), Windows Vista (2007), and Windows XP (2001).

List of Windows Client OS with their Version Numbers

Operating System	Version Number
Windows 1.0	1.04
Windows 2.0	2.11
Windows 3.0	3
Windows NT 3.1	3.10.528
Windows for Workgroups 3.11	3.11
Windows NT Workstation 3.5	3.5.807
Windows NT Workstation 3.51	3.51.1057
Windows 95	4.0.950
Windows NT Workstation 4.0	4.0.1381
Windows 98	4.1.1998
Windows 98 Second Edition	4.1.2222
Windows Me	4.90.3000
Windows 2000 Professional	5.0.2195
Windows XP	5.1.2600
Windows Vista	6.0.6000
Windows 7	6.1.7600
Windows 8.1	6.3.9600
Windows 10	10.0.10240

Different Types of Windows Operating Systems

Computer users have differing requirements. While a distinctive business needs to manage network permissions and give many users concurrent access to shared resources, a home user may simply use his computer to check email and play an random games. Microsoft markets several versions of Windows to serve the needs of these markets. Each edition has a different price point and feature set from the others.

Home Computers

Home editions of Windows such as Windows 7 Starter and Windows 7 Home Premium or Windows 10 provide the basic functionality that personal computers require. These include the ability to run software, play games, access the Internet and view or manipulate media such as music, videos and images. To keep consumers' costs down, these editions of Windows do not include some of the advanced features that business users require.

Business Computers

Business computers often require features not needed on standard home machines. For example, Windows 7 Professional or ultimate editions includes a feature called "Windows XP Mode" for running legacy software. It also includes the ability to act as a host for the Remote Desktop application and has a self-encrypting file system to prevent data loss from theft. Windows 7 Enterprise features data encryption for removable storage devices. It also has the ability to run on a computer with no hard drive by booting from a virtual image hosted on a server.

Servers Computer

Business networks may have many users logged in to their computers concurrently during the working day. Each user needs to access resources such as databases, intranet websites, email, Sharing files and Internet gateways. In addition, each user has her own password and access permissions. The powerful computer needed to manage network access for a large user base is called a server. Because servers perform very different roles from standard business computers, they require different operating systems. The Windows Server product line is Microsoft's offering for servers.

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What is Cache Memory. Types and functions of cache memory?

What is Cache Memory. Types and functions of cache memory?

Cache Memory

The Cache Memory is the Memory which is very near to the central processing unit , all the Fresh Commands are Stored into the Cache Memory. The Cache Memory is committed for storing the input which is given by the user and which is essential for the CPU to Implement a Task. But the Capacity of the Cache Memory is too small in compare to Memory and Hard Disk.

Prominence of Cache memory

The cache memory lies in the path between the processor and the memory. The cache memory consequently, has lesser access time than memory and is faster than the main memory. A cache memory have an access time of 100ns, while the main memory may have an access time of 700ns.

The cache memory is very expensive and hence is limited in capacity. Earlier cache memories were available separately but the microprocessors contain the cache memory on the chip itself.

The need for the cache memory is due to the mismatch between the speeds of the main memory and the CPU. The CPU clock as discussed earlier is very fast, whereas the main memory access time is comparatively slower. Hence, no matter how fast the processor is, the processing speed depends more on the speed of the main memory (the strength of a chain is the strength of its weakest link). It is because of this reason that a cache memory having access time closer to the processor speed is introduced. 

The cache memory stores the program (or its part) currently being executed or which may be executed within a short period of time. The cache memory also stores temporary data that the CPU may frequently require for manipulation.

The cache memory works according to various algorithms, which decide what information it has to store. These algorithms work out the probability to decide which data would be most frequently needed. This probability is worked out on the basis of past observations.

It acts as a high speed buffer between CPU and main memory and is used to temporary store very active data and action during processing since the cache memory is faster than main memory, the processing speed is increased by making the data and instructions needed in current processing available in cache.

A computer can have different levels and sizes of cache depending on the CPU architecture. The most common levels of cache are L1 and L2 cache, where L1 is closest to the Cpu and hence its access time is much faster compared to L2 cache , the sizes of these caches can vary from 8Kb - 128kb or even 256Kb in modern systems.

Another mode of caching is Disk Caching

Disk caching works under the same principle as memory caching, but instead of using high-speed SRAM, a it uses conventional main memory. The most recently accessed data from the hard drive (as well as adjacent sectors) is saved in a memory buffer. When a program needs to access data from the disk, it first checks the disk cache to see if the data is there. Disk caching can dramatically improve the performance of software. Because accessing a byte of data in RAM can be thousands of times faster than accessing a byte on a hard disk.

The effectiveness of any cache is determined by its hit rate. The higher the hit rate the better the performance of cpu and the better the caching algorithm implemented.

Two most common algorithm for caching are

· Least Frequently Used (LFU): This cache algorithm uses a counter to keep track of how often an entry is accessed.

· Least Recently Used (LRU): This cache algorithm keeps recently used items near the top of cache.

Recall: A lower size cache with high hit ratio, is far better than a large size cache with poor hit ratio. 

A CPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer to reduce the average time to access data from the main memory. The cache is a smaller, faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. Most CPUs have different independent caches, including instruction and data caches, where the data cache is usually organized as a hierarchy of more cache levels (L1, L2, etc.). 

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What is Mesothelioma ? Information About Mesothelioma Law Firm

What is Mesothelioma?

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Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that occurs in the mesothelium –– a thin layer of tissue that covers most of our internal organs. In most cases, the tissue surrounding the lungs is affected. However, cases have been reported in which other body organs are affected with this condition. This form of cancer is very aggressive and often proves fatal if it is malignant Mesothelioma.

Know the Risk Factors

Although several materials can possibly cause this disease, mesothelioma is primarily attributed to exposure to asbestos as reported by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry of the CDC. Furthermore, Asbestos has been classified by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as a human carcinogen.

According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention), exposure to asbestos increases the risk of developing malignant Mesothelioma. The latency period for the disease is reported to be around 20 to 40 years. So exposure to asbestos can go unnoticed for decades. Hence, mesothelioma cases are diagnosed years after the first exposure to asbestos occurs. In a study conducted by the CDC's National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), annual multiple-cause-of-death records were analyzed for the period from 1999 to 2005. It was found that a total of 18,068 deaths were reported because of malignant Mesothelioma.

Who should be concerned?

Asbestos is imported into the United States and was even mined in the country during the 20th century. In the US, the use of asbestos peaked in 1973 when it amounted to 803,000 metric tons before declining to 1,700 metric tons in 2007. Industrial workers employed in settings such as manufacturing, construction and shipbuilding prior to 1980s are the ones who are at most risk, as federal safety regulation was not in place at the that time. Exposure continues to occur today because of the demolition of buildings in which asbestos was used during construction.

Steps to Take in Case Of Asbestos-Exposure Related Mesothelioma

After taking into consideration several research findings, exposure to asbestos has been singled out as the main cause of Mesothelioma in most cases. This exposure affects individuals differently. Several factors are involved, including concentration, frequency and duration of exposure as well as the shape, size and chemical makeup of the fibers that determine your chances of contracting Mesothelioma.

It is natural to feel concerned about Mesothelioma if you have experienced chronic exposure to asbestos. Doctors recommend that such people should get regular CT scans or chest x-rays. They must also get lung function tests as these tests can detect problems caused by asbestos fibers. If any problems are detected, you should obtain a professional Mesothelioma diagnosis. In the unfortunate event of being diagnosed with Mesothelioma, you have the grounds for filing a lawsuit. A Mesothelioma law suit can help you claim compensation for the additional costs borne in dealing with this disease as well as for the resulting emotional distress and trauma.

Mesothelioma cases by State

Jurisdiction	2016 Filing	% of 2016 Filing	2015 Filing	% of 2015 Filing
Madison County, IL	619	28.90%	563	25.77%
New York, NY	184	8.59%	193	8.83%
Baltimore City, MD	182	8.50%	233	10.66%
St. Louis, MO	133	6.21%	108	4.94%
Philadelphia, PA	90	4.20%	93	4.26%
Wayne, MI	86	4.01%	125	5.72%
New Castle, DE	74	3.45%	71	3.25%
Cook County, IL	73	3.41%	95	4.35%
Los Angeles, CA	57	2.66%	39	1.78%
Kanawha, WV	55	2.57%	55	2.52%
Allegheny, PA	50	2.33%	33	1.51%
Middlesex, NJ	46	2.15%	35	1.60%
St Clair, IL	30	1.40%	57	2.61%

Madison County, IL, accounts for the most number of total asbestos and mesothelioma filings in 2016. There is an upward trend (10% increase) in total filings (both asbestos and mesothelioma) in this county from 2015 to 2016. Other jurisdictions which show the same trend for the 2015-16 period are: Los Angeles, CA, Allegheny, PA, and St. Louis, MO. However, two of Illinois’s counties show a downward trend – Cook County shows a 23% and St. Clair County shows a 47% decrease in total filings.

*Statistics are taken from KCIC’s report titled “Asbestos Litigation: 2015 Year in Review”.

Why choose a Mesothelioma Law firm

The dangers associated with asbestos exposure have been known to the Asbestos manufacturers for decades. Victims of the disease rightly feel that they should have been warned about these dangers and so undue hardships both for the victims and their families could have been avoided. Treatment plans are often tailored to the patient's needs so the medical expenses incurred because of the disease vary from person to person and are often considerable.

If you feel that you or a loved one has developed mesothelioma and have also been exposed to asbestos fibers during their lives, you will typically be eligible for filing a lawsuit and claim compensation for any treatment related expenses, as well as for the pain and suffering caused by this disease. The litigation process involved is quite complex. So it is better to hire the services of a Mesothelioma law firm that has the time as well as the resources to tackle investigations specific to your case.

Source:  http://www.excite.com/education/lawyers/mesothelioma-law-firm

How to Select a Mesothelioma Attorney?

Best tips to select a Mesothelioma lawyer for you

Choosing the right mesothelioma attorney is very important as it is not easy to trace the asbestos exposure and also identifying the company responsible for the exposed asbestos environment. You need to consider a few key points while choosing a mesothelioma lawyer which are:

1. Basic Know-how: Ensure that the attorney offers personal service. Most of the mesothelioma lawyers refer clients to other law firms for a good fee and they will have almost nothing to do with you later. Find a lawyer that will help you out with the whole legal process and the one that has the experience as well as the resources which are essential to handle the case
2. Mesothelioma Experience: Keep the practical considerations in mind that include the lawyer’s area of expertise, the amount of fees charged by them and time-duration of case completion, look for a firm that focuses primarily or exclusively on litigating mesothelioma cases, know the prior experience and reputation of the attorney and how good their communications skills are
3. Responsive: You should be pretty comfortable with the appointed mesothelioma attorney as he will be the person who will help you with the whole legal process and get you compensation by winning the case. The attorney should be caring enough to respond to your calls regularly and satisfactorily. It can be frustrating for the mesothelioma victims when the lawyer won’t answer your phone calls. Some are really responsive while others may respond till you have signed a representation agreement
4. Results Speak: It is a good idea to look up the history of the best mesothelioma lawyers shortlisted by you. Sometimes the biggest cases are settled while sometime the mesothelioma law firms have a reputation in selecting only those cases that have the higher chance of getting settled and the defendants know they are likely to be outgunned in trial. It is crucial for your lawyer to walk you through the details of your case, explain the strong and weak points and be totally honest about the possibilities for compensation gain and also build a timeline
5. Trust your Instincts: No matter how good a mesothelioma attorney would look on paper, if you don’t feel he is the right person to appoint try finding someone else with whom you have a better understanding and working relationship. Choosing the right lawyer can help you in getting the right settlement so this selection process is worth every second of yours.

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What is Difference Between Pixel and Resolution

What is Difference Between Pixel and Resolution

Pixel vs Resolution

Summary: Difference Between Pixel and Resolution is that pixel is the smallest element in an electronic image. The greater the number of pixels the camera uses to capture a picture, the better the quality of the picture. While Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. A digital camera’s resolution is defined in pixels.

Pixel

A pixel (short for picture element) is the smallest element in an electronic image. The greater the number of pixels the camera uses to capture a picture, the better the quality of the picture. Digital camera resolutions range from about 4 million to more than 16 million pixels (MP).

Usually displays are measured in size(in centimeters and inches). Here we only measure the diagonal size and not the horizontal or vertical size of the screen. There is also another important property of display which is the resolution. Resolution refers to size of the display in terms of pixels. E.g. Resolution of 800×600 pixels means that the there are 800 pixels horizontally and 600 pixels vertically. So therefore there are a total of 480000 pixel in the display.

Pixel is just an element of the picture that plays an important role to complete the image. The word ‘pixel’ was first published by Frederic C. Billingsley in 1965. The measurement of the screen can be described through pixels. Hence, the size of the image also depends on the number of pixels, the larger the number of pixels your image is having the greater the size will be.

Pixel Density

Many of us are not aware of the importance of Pixel Density in displays. It is the thing which describes the sharpness and clarity. Pixel Density is usually measured in PPI (Pixels Per Inch) which refers to number of pixels present per inch on the display. Higher the pixel density higher is the sharpness of the content. Pixel Density is calculated based on the resolution and size of the display.

Pixel Density= Root((Horizontal Number of Pixel^2) + (Vertical Number of Pixel^2))/Screen Size

Resolution

One factor that affects the quality of digital camera photos is its resolution. Resolution is the number of horizontal and vertical pixels in a display device. A digital camera’s resolution is defined in pixels. Resolution is made up of all the elements (pixels) combined together to form a quality image. The greater the resolution is the better you will get the quality of your picture. Resolution describes the elements or pixels in an image. You can measure resolution in three difference ways, Sample per inch (spi, scanners) or Pixel per inch (ppi, monitors) or Dots per inch (dpi, printers).

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Important Considerations When Choosing Your Web Hosting Service

Important Considerations When Choosing Your Web Hosting Service 

Starting of a Business website and tech blog is vital for a perfect growth, while foundation of an online business depends on the hosting services. Since, an online presence has become a must for all types of businesses, thus the choice of the best web hosting company is also crucial. Among many web hosting companies present today, making a choice of the best host depends on various factors listed below. You must read our in in depth beginner’s guide to web hosting.

Selecting the right web host company can be an arduous task. This is more so particularly when you have little experience in this field.When choosing a hosting service, it’s important to not only consider the price but the quality as well. Selecting a professional web hosting company is vital for your website since the quality of service will influence long-term results.

Cost of Service Package

The cost is definitely a significant factor when selecting a hosting package. So, do a little research prior to choosing a web hosting service.

The Overall Management

When you are not familiar with web programming, you should look for hosting packages that will provide you with the possibility to administrate your web site with dedicated interface (Webmin, cPanel among others). A number of applications used in cPanel, for instance, are free and provide a lot of facilities. Don’t forget to ask your chosen provider the installation process when buying a hosting package.

Space & Scalability

The basic service that a web hosting company provides is a space on the web for hosting different websites. The availability of the amount of space and bandwidth according to a hosting plan is a vital point to be considered. Web hosting companies like Hostgator, Webhostingbuzz and Roboshift do a good job at providing unlimited bandwidth, as websites/companies expand and grow in the future.

Number of accounts per server

If it’s a shared server, it’s recommended to be aware of the number of sites that you’ll be sharing the same server with. When there are several web sites on the server, your website has greater chances of loading slowly. You should compare the number of accounts on the server with the number of accounts used by other web hosting companies to have a strong starting negotiation point.
For dedicated servers, always ask if upgrades will be performed – memory, hard disk and CPU among others. Don’t forget to ask your chosen professional IT services provider about your site’s downtime in the event that an upgrade is performed.
 

Website Speed

After hosting a website, the prime feature that binds a user to the website is the speed at which its web pages load. A website should load within seconds or the visitor will move away from the website. So, before buying a plan, ensure that the hosting company uses a high-speed connection to allow your website to show up faster.

Security

Faster loading is an essential feature, but it is useless if your website isn’t secure. A fast website might attract a lot of visitors, but the lack of security features will force most of them to leave the site. So, the host must have plans that offer high security for the personal, financial and private data transferred while access to the site by using secure servers like SSL and others. There is a great video on Youtube that explains SSL that you should check out.

Technical Support

The demand of technical support for the customers or clients of a company is in high skies these days. This facilitates the clients of the company to get quick resolutions for any technical issue encountered, while accessing the service. The company should provide a high quality and convenient support service to solve customers’ queries, available round the clock.

Control Panel

Although a web hosting company is available to assist you in all aspects, but it isn’t always feasible to contact the host. So, the provider must offer a control panel for you to modify or update your website on your own. The panel must offer an easy interface to the website owner.

Email Capabilities

Every business needs dedicated email addresses to be used for different business activities. Thus, before selecting a web hosting company, you must check with the availability of email addresses, amount and ability for aliases use and auto responding ability. File size restrictions are also vital to be considered for receiving and sending files.
 

Add-on Features

The need of online presence for a business and the use of internet services or a website for other purposes has gradually increased. This increasing requirement of websites has led to an increase of the number of web hosts tightening the competition levels. So, to attract more customers, many companies offer various additional features. You must look for a company offering the best services including both the basic and add-on features.
 
Here’s hoping that the above factors will serve as your guide in considering the right web hosting company.All of these tips will help to make lighter work of choosing the most suitable and affordable web hosting service.

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What is Parallel Space.How does parallel space app works?

Parallel Space

Parallel Space is a "container" app for Android devices, it creates a virtualized, isolated environment and allows other apps to running inside. ... So, basically you are running your app on an emulator rather than mobile directly. So, it allows you to have multiple accounts on a virtual environment.

The virtual environment is created by creating something like qemu user mode. The qemu is used to switch between multiple operating systems, or processes from one CPU to the other. So, basically you are running your app on an emulator rather than mobile directly. So, it allows you to have multiple accounts on a virtual environment.

"In parallel space we can add 2 account of any app( like WhatsApp, Instagram,etc) For eg- In WhatsApp you have account from SIM 1 number but you also want to make an account from SIM 2 so you make account but while using u can only use 1 account. So parallel spa helps you to use both accounts simultaneously. You get notifications of both the accounts."

What Is Parallel Space?

Parallel Space is an Android app that allows you to run multiple accounts of any app simultaneously on single Android phone. With parallel space, you can create the dual account of any app. Like you can install two Whatsapp, two Instagram, two Facebook, two Snapchat and multiple accounts of any game.

Parallel Space allows you to have two copies of Twitter running, each with a separate login. Yes there are many social media apps out there that allow you to have multiple accounts simultaneously but with this app, you can truly have them separated.

Parallel Space is an Android app that has one clear goal; to make it easy for users to run the same app or game twice, at the same time. This means that users with a personal and business Facebook account can simply run Facebook twice at the same time, effectively signing in to Facebook with two different accounts at the same time, without having to switch between them. This can be used for Pokemon GO players, serial Instagram snappers and a whole lot more applications. It’s simple and easy to use, without taking up too much space or too much more resources. It’s professional, clean and useful with almost 50 Million installs to boot. So, let’s go ahead and see what all the fuss is about, shall we?

 Play Store link  |  Download Parallel Space APK

Features Of Parallel Space

Run Multiple Account Of any Android App

Small Size: 2MB Only.

Separate Task Manager to Manage apps running in Parallel Space

Storage Manager to Manage App Data

Switch with Swipe option.

Just like the Android apps you might be looking to clone, people can download Parallel Space from the Play Store. Once it is installed, there’s a simple introduction to how the app runs.

How to Use Parallel Space

Open Parallel Space and select the app you want run under Parallel Space.

 If your app isn’t listed, tap the “+” button at the bottom and select the app you want to add from the list of installed apps on your device.

Once you’ve selected the app, a Parallel Space will be created for that app and you’ll be good to go.

Your virtualized apps will appear on the Android recents screen with “(Parallel Space)” suffix, and you can easily multi-task between the real and virtualized version of the app like you’re using two installations.

Cheers! Have fun running multiple accounts/profiles on apps installed on your Android device with Parallel Space.

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Job Profile: Careers in IT : System administrator

System administration refers to the management of one or more hardware and software systems.

The task is performed by a system administrator who monitors system health, monitors and allocates system resources like disk space, performs backups, provides user access, manages user accounts, monitors system security and performs many other functions.

 

Duties of a system administrator

The duties of a system administrator are wide-ranging, and vary widely from one organization to another. Sysadmins are usually charged with installing, supporting, and maintaining servers or other computer systems, and planning for and responding to service outages and other problems. Other duties may include scripting or light programming, project management for systems-related projects.

The system administrator is responsible for following things:

1. User administration (setup and maintaining account)
2. Maintaining system
3. Verify that peripherals are working properly
4. Quickly arrange repair for hardware in occasion of hardware failure
5. Monitor system performance
6. Create file systems
7. Install software
8. Create a backup and recover policy
9. Monitor network communication
10. Update system as soon as new version of OS and application software comes out
11. Implement the policies for the use of the computer system and network
12. Setup security policies for users. A sysadmin must have a strong grasp of computer security (e.g. firewalls and intrusion detection systems)
13. Documentation in form of internal wiki
14. Password and identity management

Cloud computing and sysadmin

Cloud computing is nothing but a large number of computers connected through the Internet/Wan. Cloud computing is now part of technology and sysadmin must lean:

1. Automation software such as puppet, chef, etc.
2. Cloud infrastructure such as AWS, Openstack etc.
3. Network services in cloud such as Content delivery networks (Akamai, CloudFront etc) and DNS servers.
4. Source control
5. Designing best practices for backups, and whole infrastructure.

What is so special about the system administrator account?

The root account has full (unrestricted) access, so he/she can do anything with system. For example, root can remove critical system files. In addition, there is no way you can recover file except using tape backup or disk based backup systems.
Many tasks for system administration can be automated using Perl/Python or shell scripts. For example:

• Create new users
• Resetting user passwords
• Lock/unlock user accounts
• Monitor server security
• Monitor special services etc

Most important skill to a system administrator

Problem solving, period. This can some time lead into all sorts of constraints and stress. When workstation or server goes down, you are called to solve the problem. You should able to quickly and correctly diagnose the problem. You must figure out what is wrong and how best it can be fixed in small amount of time.

Job Summary

Responsible for the technical design, planning, implementation, and the highest level of performance tuning and recovery procedures for mission critical enterprise systems. Serves as a technical expert in the area of system administration for complex operating systems. Recommends the redesign and configuration of operating systems and system applications. Investigates and analyzes feasibility of system requirements and develops system specifications. Identifies methods, solutions, and provides project leadership and management in order to provide a high level of service to the customers of the department. Performs full supervision of Operations staff.

Typical Duties and Responsibilities

1. Manages the day-to-day operations of the PCC host computers by monitoring system performance, configuration, maintenance and repair. Ensures that records of system downtime and equipment inventory are properly maintained. Applies revisions to host system firmware and software. Works with vendors to assist support activities.
2. Develops new system and application implementation plans, custom scripts and testing procedures to ensure operational reliability. Trains technical staff in how to use new software and hardware developed and/or acquired.
3. Supervises Operations staff including hiring, training, evaluating and disciplining. May guide or provide work direction to technical staff, contract staff and/or student employees. Determines appropriate coverage for all hours of operation.
4. Performs troubleshooting as required. As such, leads problem-solving efforts often involving outside vendors and other support personnel and/or organizations.
5. Establishes, maintains and manages users Unix accounts. Installs, modifies and maintains systems and utility software on server computer systems. Provides server support related to other software.
6. Establishes guidelines and methods for the installation and management of the host computer operating systems, disk arrays, fiber channel switches, tape libraries and other components.
7. Ensures high availability and acceptable levels of performance of mission critical host computer resources.
8. Develops procedures to maintain security and protect systems from unauthorized use, acts of nature and user abuse.
9. Develops procedures, programs and documentation for backup and restoration of host operating systems and host-based applications.
10. Develops and coordinates project directions and schedules to maximize benefits and minimize impacts on the customer organizations. Provides leadership in planning and implementation of projects for computer operations and enterprise systems administration.
11. Develops tools, procedures, and training sessions for Operations, Client Support and Systems Development staff to assist with work.
12. Manages the data center and computer host systems including hardware, software and equipment such as air-conditioning system, UPS (uninterrupted power system) and fire protection system.
13. Stays current with technological developments in systems administration technology and recommends ways for PCC to take advantage of new technology.
Positions in this classification may perform all or some of the responsibilities above and all positions perform other related duties as assigned.

Minimum Qualifications

Associate's degree in Computer Science or related discipline. Relevant experience may substitute for the degree requirement on a year for year basis. Three years work experience in complex systems design, programming and systems software and support.

Knowledge of: Programming languages and operating systems; current equipment and technologies in use; Unix system administration, enterprise backup and recovery procedures, and system performance monitoring tools; effective project management techniques; principles and practices of effective management and supervision.

Ability to: Plan, organize and document complex system design activities and to configure systems to be consistent with institutional policies/procedures; communicate technical/complex information both verbally and in writing; establish and maintain cooperation, understanding, trust and credibility; perform multiple tasks concurrently and respond to emergency situations effectively.

Work Environment and Physical Requirements

Work environment includes typical computer related noise levels and paper and equipment generated dust. Exposure to video display terminals occurs on a regular basis. Incumbent is on call to provide support services during off hours. Scheduled night and weekend work is required. Learned physical skill is required for keyboarding and use of peripheral equipment. Moderate lifting.

There are different types of system administrators based on their roles and responsibilities. A bigger company might have different system administrators having different roles, but for smaller company, most of the different roles might be shared by just a few system administrators, or even one single person. Some of the different types of system administrators are:

• Server administrator – maintains the operating system of the servers, and to some extent, the applications as well, such as the mail services, the web services, etc. He is also in-charge of troubleshooting any hardware, operating system or application related problems.
• Network administrator – maintains the network infrastructure, such as the routers and switches, and troubleshoot network-related problems.
  • Database administrator (DBA) – maintains the database system used by organisation. In bigger organisation which uses bigger and more complex databases, there is a DBA which specifically responsible for this role. In smaller organisation, this role would normally be shared by the server administrator

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